Bhutan's early history goes back to the late 8th century when Guru Padmasambhava brought Buddhism to the country. The past of Bhutan remains a mystery until the arrival of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1616, who played a major role in shaping the nation's history.
The arrival of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal is considered the most significant era in Bhutan's history. He unified the country, ending warring clans and internal conflicts. During his 35-year rule, he established a dual system of government, with a religious leader (Dharma Raja/Je Khenpo) and a secular leader (Deb Raja/Desi). He also created laws based on theocratic principles (Tsa-Yig) and founded the Drukpa Kargyupa school of Buddhism. Over time, the Deb Rajas gained more power, while the Dharma Rajas became more secluded. This dual system lasted until 1907.
In 1907, Ugyen Wangchuck became Bhutan’s first hereditary monarch, establishing the Wangchuck dynasty. He modernized the country, introduced Western education, and signed a treaty with British India. His successors continued his vision of modernization.
Jigme Wangchuck, born in 1905, became the second King of Bhutan in 1926. As the eldest son of King Ugyen Wangchuck, he was educated in English, Hindi, and Buddhist studies. His reign marked Bhutan’s gradual opening to the world, ending its long period of isolation. Bhutan participated in several Asian Relation Conferences, strengthening ties with neighboring nations. In 1949, Bhutan signed The Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship with India in Darjeeling, fostering trade and diplomatic relations.
King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck ascended the throne in 1952. Over his 20-year reign, Bhutan transitioned into a modern nation, achieving major progress in several sectors. He introduced land reforms, limiting landholdings to 30 acres and redistributing land to the landless. He abolished slavery and established a judicial system by founding the High Court.
In 1953, he founded Bhutan’s first unicameral parliament, the Tshogdu (National Assembly), with 150 members. In 1963, he introduced the Royal Advisory Council. Bhutan’s first five-year economic development plan was drafted during his rule, beginning in 1961. Under his leadership, Bhutan developed 1,770 km of roads, 102 schools, and six hospitals, significantly advancing infrastructure. His efforts led to Bhutan’s admission into the United Nations.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck became the fourth King of Bhutan on July 23, 1972, following his father’s passing. Although he pursued education in India and the UK, he had to return early to assume the throne. During his reign, Bhutan saw remarkable socio-economic development.
His leadership expanded advancements in communications, hydroelectric power, education, healthcare, finance, environmental conservation, industry, and infrastructure. He introduced the philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH), prioritizing the well-being of citizens over economic growth.
On December 15, 2006, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicated in favor of his son, Prince Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, to prepare him for Bhutan’s transition to democracy in 2008. Although the transition was initially scheduled for 2008, it was decided that the new King should gain experience leading the nation before overseeing the country’s shift to a democratic system.